Impact of Leonardo Da Vincis Inventions

Impact of Leonardo Da Vincis Inventions Engineering Drawings To be a proficient engineer, it requires a person to develop and possess various skill sets. The understanding of the various concepts and knowledge presented to them is crucial as well as it would allow them to apply it to their work as a practicing engineer. Some engineers may consider their best tools to be a piece of paper and a pencil. Possessing the ability to graphically communicate their ideas by sketching or drawing them, allows some of these ideas to come to life. Best known for his paintings of the Last Supper and Mona Lisa, Leonardo Da Vinci was more than just an artist, he was also an inventor and to some he is considered to be the worlds most famous engineer. His fascination for knowledge and his ability to bring his ideas to life shows that he is the epitome of an engineer. Only at the age of fifteen is when Leonardo was progressing in advancing his artistic skills under his teacher, Andrea Del Verrocchio. By 1482, Leonardo had chosen to move to Milan, Italy from Flore nce (which at the time was considered to be a more militaristic city than Florence), to work for Duke Ludovico Sforza as a military engineer. From there, Leonardo was able to innovate the war machines used by the military at the time. He essentially paved the way for some of the common weapons used in the modern day military. One of his war machine inventions was called the 33-Barreled Organ. Leonardo got the idea for this weapon when he saw that a cannons shot may not be as accurate and took quite some time to reload in battle. He figured that if a soldier could reload the weapon and fire at the same time, it would prove to be much more effective in the battlefield. The guns design consisted of a wheelbarrow like structure with big wheels and attached to it in the middle were the thirty-three guns split into three rows, which meant eleven shots were possible with just one row. It also had a rotating wheel to allow one row to fire while the other was being prepared for the next round. Leonardos idea for this barreled gun was it is now seen as the machine gun in modern day military. Another military innovation from Leonardo was the Armored Car, also known as the military tank in modern times. Leonardo thought to himself that if the soldiers could get closer to the enemy frontlines as well as their artillery that meant no soldier could stop their attack and would be forced to scatter. The armored car featured multiple cannons around the vehicle, thus giving the soldiers inside a firing range of three-hundred and sixty degrees. The shape of the vehicle consisted of a cone with a view port for a soldier to direct the vehicles motion. However, it was discovered there was an issue within the vehicle that would not allow it to move in a forward motion. Some suggested that da Vinci might have sabotaged his own design to discourage the war machine from ever being built. (Leonardo da Vincis Armoured car invention, 2008). As Leonardo was developing other war machines, he had decided to take an existing idea and improve on it for use on the battlefield. He took the soldiers average crossbow and decided to create a giant version out of it. Leonardo had claimed that this weapon was the best way to terrify the enemy. The Giant Crossbow was measured to stretch as far as 27 yards across the field. It consisted of six wheels, three on each side, to ensure mobility during the battle. It also had to be made of thin wood to allow the crossbow to have some flexibility. But the issue was, where Leonardo would create large enough arrows for use in battle. Instead, the crossbow launched large pieces of stone and at times, flaming bombs. To launch the object, it required the soldier to wind back the bow and then use a mallet to push the pin out of place for the weapon to fire. Leonardo had also improved another commonly used weapon during the war. In his observations, he found that the cannons shot may not be accurate and was too slow to reload after each shot. This meant that if the shot missed, the soldiers would be lacking in damage. He also found that the cannon lacked sufficient mobility in the battle. He designed instead a faster and more lightweight version of the cannon. But it did not just consist of one cannon, it included three cannons. Due to how lightweight it was, it made mobility on the battlefield much easier for the soldier. This also meant that the soldier could fire multiple shots at once as well and at a much faster rate compared to its predecessor. Seventeen years later, Leonardos time as a military engineer under the rule of Ludovico Sforza had come to an end once the French had invaded Milan. This left Leonardo to pursue other projects and come up with new inventions while travelling to other cities. Leonardo ended up designing an invention known as the ornithopter or known as the flying machine. His inspiration for this machine came from birds and kites. He had hoped one day the average man could fly as high as them in the sky. He specifically studied how the birds would use their wings to fly and would apply the concept into his design. However, it would become quite more apparent that the design of the wings, resemble the wings of a bat. The wingspan of the ornithopter was beyond thirty three feet. The material he used in the design of the wings consisted of pine and raw silk. This allowed the wings to be light and allow it to be easily carried by the wind. He would then have the pilot sit in the center between the wings a nd push a pedal in an alternating fashion while the machine flapped its wings. But Leonardos interest in flying did not stop there, he had come up with another invention. This time, Leonardo came up with the Parachute, not specifically the one seen in modern day, but the early sketch of a parachute. His idea of the parachute would come from a tent made of linen, sewn together to make sure all its openings were not letting air through and it would have a wooden frame which allowed the person to attach some rope to it to be able hold on. He believed at the time, that this device would allow a person to be able to jump from nearly any height without injury. But, at the time there were not any extremely high up places that were viable enough to be used for testing. It was not until the year 2000, when a known daredevil by the name of Adrian Nicholas decided to try Leonardos design of the parachute. Critics doubted his design would work and would put Adrians life at risk. But after jumping from 3000 feet above ground, Adrian proved that Leonardos design was successf ul. He also discovered that the ride to be smoother than the ripcord parachute found in modern times. But, the weight of the parachute was a concern since it could potentially injure the user as they land. Near the end of the fifteenth century, Leonardo had come up with another invention that was seen once again as ahead of his time. Using gears, pulleys, and cables, he was able to create a robot knight. By taking a knights suit and fitting it with the gears, pulleys, and cables, he was able to give the suit the ability to move various parts such as the arms and legs using different pulley systems within the suit. It could also perform human like actions such as sitting down and standing up, moving its head, and opening its mouth piece. But since then, Leonardos full drawings could not be found together, but rather, scattered designs in his notebooks. However, in 2002 a NASA roboticist by the name of Mark Rosheim took Leonardos design and was able to create a prototype out of it. As he was building the prototype, he discovered how Leonardo designed the robot to be easily built. This truly showed how Leonardo was a man ahead of his time. This allowed people in modern times now to take i nspiration from Leonardos Robotic Knight and to apply similar concepts to what is created today. It would be quite challenging to imagine life without some of the designs that Leonardo Da Vinci had created which helped pave the way for some of the modern day inventions. One may question what the world would be like in terms of technological and architectural advances had people neglected his work or he chose to not share his ideas. One can come to the conclusion that Leonardo Da Vinci was more than just an artist, but he was also an innovator that was way ahead of his time. References ENGINEERING.COM. (2006, October 12). Leonardo da Vinci > ENGINEERING.Com. Retrieved from http://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/ArticleID/34/Leonardo-da-Vinci.aspx Leonardo da Vincis Armoured car invention. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/armoured-car.aspx Wight, C. (2009, March 4). Leonardo da Vinci from inspiration to innovation. Retrieved from http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/leonardo/leonardo.html Universal Leonardo: Leonardo da Vinci online à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º welcome to universal Leonardo. Retrieved from http://www.universalleonardo.org/ What is Leonardos robotic knight invention? Retrieved from InnovateUs, http://www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-leonardos-robotic-knight-invention

Analysis of US Advertising Industry

Analysis of US Advertising Industry Headlines The US advertising industry records a 7% growth in 2013 which is fuelled by growing level of business formation and increasing penetration of mobile devices among Americans. The main category contributing to industry’s growth is digital advertising accounting for 27% of the market. 2013 is the first year when Americans spend more time using their smartphones than in front of TV, leading advertisers to shift from focusing on mass marketing to one-on-one advertising campaigns on mobile devices. The main consumers of the industry are retail enterprises, financial service providers and motor vehicles industry increasingly investing in mobile advertising campaigns and social networking. Due to the growing smartphones penetration, spending on mobile advertising is expected to exceed desktop advertising over the forecast period and condition industry’s turnover to grow by CAGR of 7% reaching US$188.688 million in 2019. Trends With the market size of US$189,136 million the US was the largest advertising market in the world in 2013. Japan’s expenditure on advertising at the same year was more than three-times smaller, while China stood in the third place. In Europe the biggest markets were Germany and the UK, however, they were left way behind the US with only a tenth of the US expenditure on advertising.[1] Even after events of significant importance such as Olympics and presidential elections in 2012, advertising industry in the US hasn’t slowed down and experienced market growth of 7% in 2013. Fast recovery after profitable year was fuelled by constant formation of business units, tight competition in the market and growing market penetration for mobile devices.[2] B2B purchases accounted for the complete majority of market size, as households were left with less than 1% of the market. The major B2B buyers in 2013 were retail enterprises accounting for a fifth of all business purchases. Retail industry was the largest spender in digital advertising. Retailers are increasingly depending on mobile devices for their advertising. The biggest investments were made into direct-response campaigns and into increasing brand awareness among consumers. [3] The major spenders in advertising were Macy’s, Wal-Mart Stores, Target Corp, and Sears.[4] Other biggest B2B buyers were industries of monetary intermediation (American Express Co., Chase, Bank of America), and sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and retail sale of automotive fuel, accounting for 10% and 7% of the total B2B purchases respectively. Biggest auto marketers were General Motors, Ford Motor, and Toyota Motor.[5] However, the most rapidly growing shares of B2B purchases belonged to computer and related services and business and management consultancies. The main category of advertising industry is digital advertising accounting for 27% of the market. With 7% growth over 2013 it was the fastest growing category in the industry. With growing penetration of mobile technologies digital advertising is slowly shifting from desktop advertising to reaching customers through tablets and smartphones. [6] In 2013 almost half of the adults in the US had smartphones and a third had tablets.[7] At the same year for the first time Americans spent more time a day using digital media than watching TV. In addition, they spent more time per day surfing mobile internet than in front of PC[8]. Television was the second biggest advertising environment in the US in 2013 with 23% of the market. Though television holds a significant share of the market, it is slowly dropping due to the growing popularity of digital videos in online advertising. [9]Outdoor advertising having 21% of the industry leaves press and radio owning 18% and 12% of the market respectively. Print advertising revenues has been dropping by CAGR of 10% since 2008, while the share of online advertising in digital versions of newspapers has been growing. [10] In 2013 foreign advertising services provided for US clients abroad exceeded the ones US companies sold for foreigners by ten times. Most popular services provided for US companies were digital advertising accounting for 24% of all services provided by foreigners and TV and Press advertising accounting for 20% each, while foreigners mostly bought internet, outdoor, and radio advertising services. Industry’s turnover grew by 7% in 2013 and accounted for US$125.541. The total increase was fuelled by the fastest growing internet and outdoor advertising. Outdoor advertising grew mainly due to the constant expansion of digital outdoor advertising through billboards. [11] Advertising costs are divided mainly into B2B costs accounting for 51% of total costs and labour costs accounting for 43%. The largest part of B2B costs are from other business services, real estate activities and advertising. Though number of employees in the industry hasn’t reached the pre-recession level, it grew by less than 4%, while average annual wages increased by less than 1% over 2013. Competitive Landscape Over the review period micro enterprises accounted for 96% of companies in advertising industry. However, in 2013 large and medium companies experienced the highest growth of over 4%. They accounted for less than 1% of the industry and acquired 35% of the industry’s turnover causing the market to be concentrated. At the same time micro and small companies accounted for 26% and 27% of the industry’s turnover. As of 2010 the major advertising enterprises according to their share of total services provided are: Omnicom Group Inc (6%), Interpublic Group of Cos Inc (3%), WPP Group USA Inc (2%), News America Marketing In-Store Services LLC and The Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings Inc with 1% each. In 2013 Omnicom Group has announced about the target merger with the world’s leading communications enterprise Publicis Groupe. This merger was expected to join two forces of advertising, marketing, and communication into one world’s leading advertising group. Its’ worth was expected to reach over US$35billion and exceed that of WPP twice.[12] However, due to the prolonged process that has started affecting companies’ relations with its clients and staff, the merger has been terminated in 2014.[13] In order to improve its digital services Interpublic Group of Cos acquired digital shop Profero in 2013. Combining its one of businesses Lowe and Partner with Profero, IPG is expecting to spread its operations in developing markets. [14] Other, significant IPG’s acquisition strengthening its digital side of the business in 2013 was Interactive Avenues – a digital agency in India. WWP made the record number of over 50 acquisitions in 2013. The company was also a leader in acquisitions in social media sector. Due to the growing consumers’ engagement in social networks, social media networking agencies are expected to be a valid addition to big advertising enterprises as they prove to be more effective than public relation companies.[15] Hand in hand with increasing levels of digital advertising, in 2013 News America Marketing has introduced its in-store near field communication campaigns in retail stores. These campaigns provide customised mobile coupons being sent into customers’ mobile devices whenever they are in the store and near a particular product. This has helped to improve the usage of coupons and increase the sales of particular products. Moreover, brand familiarity is being increased through various value added services such as online recipes, various apps, and games connected with particular products. [16] In 2013 The Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings Inc signed the five-year contracts with San Francisco, Chicago and Denver’s airports to install hundreds of digital screens in airports enabling companies to advertise their products and airports to present important information about flights. Digital screens will enable customers to receive the information to their mobile devices through the touch of the digital screens displayed in airports. [17]In Denver’s airport two digital video towers are planned to be installed to enhance customers’ experience. [18] In 2014 the company is planning on launching first interactive global mobile platform enabling costumers to reach all the content from the advertisers in one place through their smartphones.[19] Prospects Over the period of 2014-2019 the US advertising industry is expected to grow by CAGR of 7% and reach US$188.688 million. It will be mainly fuelled by increasing popularity of digital advertising which is set to produce more sophistication to advertisements, making them target based and unique for different costumer.[20] With almost 90%[21] of the US population using internet and half of the population[22] having access to mobile internet in 2014, internet and outdoor advertising will experience the highest CAGR of 7% over the review period. Though desktop advertising was dominating category in digital marketing in 2013, however, mobile advertising and applications, experiencing a surge in popularity, are expected to exceed desktop advertising over the forecast period. Technologies enabling businesses to observe their customers across all screens will lead to enterprises eventually focusing on multi-screening advertising. [23] The number of acquisitions performed by top advertising enterprises shows that companies will be concentrating on providing holistic solutions for their clients encompassing product and technology innovations, digital and social networking services. Due to the growing amount of collected data about consumers, companies will increasingly specialise in providing customised marketing decision for different consumers. [24] [1] http://www.statista.com/statistics/273736/advertising-expenditure-in-the-worlds-largest-ad-markets/ [2] http://news.magnaglobal.com/magna-global/press-releases/advertising-growth-2013.print [3] http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Retail-Industry-Remains-Largest-Spender-US-Digital-Advertising/1010187 [4] http://gaia.adage.com/images/bin/pdf/MFPweb_spreadsv2.pdf [5] http://gaia.adage.com/images/bin/pdf/MFPweb_spreadsv2.pdf [6] http://adage.com/article/digital/emarketer-desktop-pc-web-advertising-peak-2014/242030/ [7] http://stateofthemedia.org/2013/newspapers-stabilizing-but-still-threatened/ [8] http://gaia.adage.com/images/bin/pdf/MFPweb_spreadsv2.pdf [9] http://www.emarketer.com/Article/TV-Advertising-Keeps-Growing-Mobile-Boosts-Digital-Video-Spend/1009780 [10] http://stateofthemedia.org/2013/newspapers-stabilizing-but-still-threatened/ [11] http://www.oaaa.org/NewsEvents/News/IndustryRevenue/tabid/322/id/3871/Default.aspx [12] http://www.iamwire.com/2013/07/publicis-and-omnigroup-concludes-a-usd-35-1-bn-merger-to-form-the-world-biggest-advertising-group/#_am3tw4oq [13] http://www.firstbiz.com/brands/publicis-omnicoms-35-billion-merger-called-84275.html [14] http://adage.com/article/agency-news/ipg-s-lowe-acquires-global-digital-agency-profero/291209/ [15] http://adage.com/article/global-news/wpp-lead-deal-maker-54-acquisitions-2013/291800/ [16] http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/news-america-marketing-plugs-nfc-for-in-store-mobile-campaigns [17] http://www.thestreet.com/story/11997082/2/clear-channel-outdoor-holdings-inc-reports-results-for-2013-second-quarter.html [18] http://business.flydenver.com/pr/DIAPR_130404e.pdf [19] http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/clear_channel/pressreleases/clear-channel-launches-connect-the-first-global-out-of-home-mobile-interactive-advertising-platform-976512 [20] http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/11/five-ways-the-advertising-industry-is-about-to-transform/ [21] http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/ [22] http://www.statista.com/statistics/188352/mobile-internet-users-in-the-us-from-2009-to-2014/ [23] http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Retail-Industry-Remains-Largest-Spender-US-Digital-Advertising/1010187 [24] http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-01/news/45764599_1_digital-services-business-growth-new-business-models

Cloning - Stronger, Smarter, and More Perfect Humans :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Cloning - Stronger, Smarter, and More Perfect Humans A few years ago if you were to ask someone about the possibilities of cloning they would most likely say it was impossible. This attitude towards cloning has been held into belief up until recently when scientists in Scotland cloned a sheep. And immediately after scientists in Oregon cloned a monkey (Fackelmann 276). The most major breakthroughs of the century in science has occurred and we are not ready for it. The scientific breakthrough of cloning has caused a great deal of controversy in the media and also in the government. The advantages of cloning are tremendous to the human race and cannot be ignored. I believe that cloning humans is what the human race needs to advance. Humans would be stronger, smarter, and more perfect. Scientists could remove bad genes from the parents and replace it with a good one. If one of the parents had a bad gene or hereditary disease this could be removed from the embryo and replaced with another "clean" gene. This process is called embryo screening it is used to determine if the child has received the defective gene. Several embryos could be cloned, then the DNA from one of the embryos would then be removed and standard genetic testing would be used to detect whether or not that embryo contained the genetic disease. If this cloned embryo containd a disease then one of the other embryos could be used for implantation in a parent, this guarantees that the child would be free of genetic disease (Marshall 1025). For those who disagree with cloning I am sure if there child could be saved from a genetic disease they would reconsider cloning. Imagine if one of your friends or family members was in need of a liver or kidney. Most likely you would donate your own liver or kidney to save there life. But then you are one organ short. Well this happens a lot and seems to work fine. But if they needed a new heart you might have trouble finding one. Not if you had a clone of yourself that could supply you with a new organ or maybe even a relatives organ that was naturally stronger (Cloning 1117). Someone could replace their old organs with new ones and extend their life span. Thousands of lives that could be saved if we had the technology and advanced science of cloning available. Even accepting an organ from a relative it may fail, it has to be compatible with our body system , if its your clone, then its

In Love With Shakespeare :: Poetry Literature Papers

In Love With Shakespeare "About any one so great as Shakespeare, it is probable that we can never be right; and if we can never be right, it is better that we should from time to time change our way of being wrong." --T. S. Eliot (Eliot 107) Like all great artists, William Shakespeare is thoroughly conscious of his medium. His plays consistently call attention to the theatrical. "With Shakespeare the actable and the theatrical are always what come first" (Frye 5). In fact, the metaphor of performance is central to the Shakespearean canon. "When we are born we cry that we are come To this great stage of fools," Lear declares to Gloucester (IV.vi. 178-179). "All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts" (As You Like It, II.vii. 139-142). This self-referentiality reflects a concern that the audience not be passive in its participation, and that the boundaries of the theatrical experience not be restricted to the stage. Shakespeare layers connotations and meanings into his plays that reward the self-conscious auditor. Though much of our modern entertainment seeks to make the auditor oblivious of the medium, Shakespeare’s plays demand a sophisticated self-consciousness on the audience’s part. Part of the pleasure of viewing a Shakespearean play such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream is in recognizing the irony of its self-contained mini-dramas. In the "Pyramus and Thisbe" scene, Shakespeare satirizes theatrical convention. At the same time, however, he satirizes the naivetà © of the audience that doubts the transforming power of the imagination. As Shakespeare continually points out, the acts of performing and viewing are not confined to the theatre. Life reflects the theatre just as the theatre reflects life. Furthermore, when taken seriously, great theatre can change its audience. For this reason, Shakespeare seeks to make viewing a conscious act. The full benefit of the theatrical experience is felt only when the auditor recognizes his role. Clearly, in Shakespeare’s view, life is very much like a play. For one thing, all human beings are actors, or as Hegel says, "free artists of themselves" (Bloom 6). As "real" as we perceive ourselves to be, Shakespeare’s great characters demonstrate that personal identity is an assumed role, a fabrication. We are all playing characters. When the mad and weather-beaten King Lear declares himself "every inch a king," his exclamation is a melancholy reminder that power and authority are based upon image and ceremony.

marriage and funeral in ancient greece :: essays research papers fc

Marriage and Funeral in Classical Athens Marriage in Classical Athens was inevitable. It was a part of life. Everyone had to get married, just as everyone had to someday face death. Although most people would not see a connection between marriage and death, the Greeks did. Both define an irreversible physical change—the loss of virginity and the loss of life. This idea of loss, rebirth, and renewal are present in both wedding and funeral. This is evident in the way wedding and funeral ceremonies complement each other in character and content. Both ceremonies are interwoven with ritual meaning and overlapping rites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three distinctive parts to a Greek marriage: the engue, ekdosis, and gamos (Powers). The engue refers to the betrothal arranged by the kurioi, which are the fathers of the bride and groom (Duby 273). In this ceremony a verbal contract is made called engye. This is basically an agreement upon marriage between the groom and father of the bride. The dowry is also paid to the groom during this time. The agreement is sealed by the phrase ‘I hand over this woman to you for the ploughing of legitimate children’ (Blundell 101). Witnesses were present as proof of engue in case the legitimacy of children was ever questioned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the engue marked a pledge the ekdosis marked a transformation of the bride as she shifted from a child to an adult, a virgin to a wife. Actions that symbolized this transfer included cutting of the bride’s hair, removing the girdle she wore since puberty, and taking a ritual bath in water from a sacred spring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the ekdosis the daughter is given away by the father to her husband. The bride and groom prepare for the wedding with offerings, dedications, and sacrifices. All of these rites are for purification and conciliation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bride offers locks of her hair to the virgin deity Artemis in hopes that the god would ease her passage from virginity. The bride’s girdle is also taken off and consecrated to Artemis or Athena (Blundell 105). This pre-wedding ritual is one of the few events women are allowed to participate in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bride and groom both take a ritual bath which is believed to induce fertility (Avagianou 6). Sacred spring water for the bath is carried in a loutrophorus which means â€Å"someone who carries the bath water† (Rehm 15).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bride is then assisted in adorning herself for the public ceremony which begins with a feast at the family’s home.

Explain how Mary Shelley makes us feel contrasting emotions towards the creature in “Frankenstein”

In this essay I will be talking about the historical background of writer Mary Shelley and about her novel â€Å"Frankenstein†. Mary Shelley was born on the 30th of August 1797. Mary Shelley's father was called William Godwin who was a Godwin and a philosopher. After Mary Shelley was born, Mary Shelley's mother Mary Wollstonecraft who was a feminist writer at the time died 4 weeks after Mary Shelley's birth. When Mary Shelley grew up she ran off with a poet called â€Å"Percy Bysshe Shelley† who was already married. Mary Shelley was very well educated. Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley had a baby girl in February in 1815 who unfortunately died almost a month later. The Shelley's went on holiday in about 1816. Mary Shelley had a dream that was used as the basis of â€Å"Frankenstein†. It was very wet so a ghost writing competition was organised to pass time, it was then that Mary Shelley had written her novel â€Å"Frankenstein† Mary Shelley's ideas were inspired by developments in science and medicine which made people wonder if life could be created. People were religious and thought God was in charge of life and death, so any person tempering with his powers was likely to be horribly punished. Mary Shelley had a further series of tragedies in life. These tragedies include the death of Mary Shelley's in 1816 due to committing suicide; including the death of Mary Shelley's own two children; one who died in 1818 and one in 1819. When Mary Shelley was 22 years of age which was in the year 1822 the death of her husband had also occurred. In 1818 Mary Shelley's book was published namelessly, and later on in about 1830 it was published with her name on it. The reason for this is because when it was published previously in the years secretly, it was always believed that women should not work and are not as useful as men are and should remain as housewives looking after their children. Another reason for this was that it was believed that women are not capable of writing novels. Later on when years had passed Mary Shelley had died in 1851. In the novel Frankenstein the creature is first mentioned in the letter IV to Robert Walton. The letter had written in it: â€Å"a being which had the shape of a man, but apparently of gigantic stature†. The novel is set in the mist and ice, this is a gothic novel and causes a sense of mystery about the creature, and creates an atmosphere. This is so we create an image inside our minds of the creature and the mysterious atmosphere which leads an expectation. Mary Shelley uses words like â€Å"dreary, dismallye. eg â€Å"the rain pattered dismally against the panes†, dull and dim†. Mary Shelley used a lot of pathetic fallacy in this novel. In chapter 5 Shelley tells us that there is little light at a certain pint in the novel. This is because she wrote â€Å"my candle was nearly burnt out†¦ Here Shelley builds up the atmosphere by writing â€Å"so dark that anything could happen†. The size of Frankenstein's creature reminds us of Walton's letter â€Å"to make the being of gigantic stature, that is to say, about eight feet in height and proportionally large†. The creature is linked with corpses, graveyards, maggots and dead bodies. This description makes the reader feel disgusted and sick and would not want the creature anywhere near them and would most likely feel revolted and sickened which would make them feel furious and think the creature is just morally wrong. Mary Shelley and her audience knew about body snatchers. In chapter 5 Mary Shelley sets a gothic scene by creating an atmosphere (at the beginning of chapter 5). Mary Shelley makes it all spooky and then starts to describe the character and then goes back to the weather. Shelley uses the word â€Å"detain† to show that Victor is scared that the creature will stop him from leaving. This makes us feel that it is threatening and is dangerous when she calls it a â€Å"demonical corpse†. She implies that it's from the devil and makes the reader scared of the creature. Victor's reaction is violent and gothic. To add to the tension and fear the beast is by his bedside so he runs outside to escape it. Shelley uses words like â€Å"miserable monster† and â€Å"demoniacal corpse†. I think that Shelley uses such word because I think that it is true the creature is very much like a miserable monster as the creature is very lonely and does not know who he is and has no one who likes him and all the creature wants is sympathy. I think that this is why Shelley uses words like â€Å"miserable† and also uses words like monster because the creature is just like a beast and acts like a monster does and is like a monster is usually described. Shelly also uses word like â€Å"demoniacal† possibly because the creature is shown to be evil and up for revenge for why he was created. â€Å"demoniacal† means that someone is evil or is possessed by an evil spirit. The reason why Mary Shelley could have used corpse after â€Å"demoniacal† is because the creature is made of different corpses and dead bodies. Victor is ill for weeks, and then when things look happy, Victor receives a letter from his partner. The letter contains: â€Å"About 5 in the morning I discovered my lonely boy whom the night before I had seen blooming and active in health, stretched on the grass livid and motionless the print of the murderous finger was on the neck†-letter from Geneva. Mary Shelley uses pathetic fallacy again in the novel when victor goes to the place where William was murdered†¦ e. g. â€Å"the darkness and storm increased every minute and thunder burst with a terrific crash over my head†; he sees the creature â€Å"a flash of lightening†¦ † . Victor reacted with shock thinking he had made the killer kill William. E. g. He was the murderer! I could not doubt it†. In the chapter of sympathy (chapter 11), we hear the creatures side of the story, â€Å"am I not alone, miserably alone? † this makes us feel extremely sorry for the creature and makes us think that it was not the creatures fault and was not the creatures decision to come into the world and have life so we cannot really blame the creature fully for what is going on. The creature was taken from villages to villages just because people were horrified of him as children shrieked and women had also fainted over seeing him. â€Å"Some attacked me until, grievously bruised by shoes†¦ I escaped†¦ â€Å". The creature was homeless and had nowhere to live; he had no roof under his head and desperately needed a roof over his head. The creature was so desperate for a roof above his head that yet a hut was joy to him no less than paradise. â€Å"Exquisite and divine a retreat†¦ † The beast really wanted somewhere to belong. The creature takes shelter in an animal shed at a farm and is very kind to them. When the creature sees them he feels very happy to see what a family is like and also feels upset and unwanted knowing he is not wanted by anyone and is hated by the people. They were a mixture of pain and pleasure, such as I had never before experienced†¦ â€Å". In chapter 15 there is a blind man and the creature helps him and is extremely kind to the blind man, the creature takes advantage of this that he cannot see the ugliness of him and likes the love he gets from the old man and feels like he is cared by someone for the first time. Just like i mentioned previously I really feel sorry for his creation, this is because the creature is not at fault for his creation. The creature must feel very miserably like he says because he also has a heart like humans and feels unwanted, rejected lonely. I do not blame the creature for wanting a female just like him, so he could have someone to love and someone to love and care for him even after seeing how he appears. When the creature is rejected from the old man's family the creature sets off to find his creator who he believes to be his father. â€Å"My father, my creator†¦ â€Å". At the time the creature was rejected by the family the creature feels sour inside himself we know this because â€Å"the spirit of revenge enkindled in my heart†. There is a point in the novel when Frankenstein's creature saves a girl from drowning. When the creature tries to breathe life into the girl, the creature is shot by a man. â€Å"I vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind†. The creature meets William, when William see's the creature William is scared of him and tells him that his name is Frankenstein. At this point William is killed by the creature. â€Å"I gazed on my victim and my heart swelled with exultation and tallish triumph†¦ † When Shelley used the word(s) â€Å"gazed on my victim† she makes it sound like William has done a huge crime and he is at fault for what Frankenstein has done by creating the creature. The creature asks Frankenstein for a female creature, like himself, someone to love him and someone that he can love and spent the the rest of his life with. â€Å"If I cannot inspire love I will cause fear, and chiefly towards you my arch enemy†¦ â€Å". Here the creature say's to Frankenstein that if he cannot find his love then he will become his enemy and take away his love. â€Å"I demand a creature of another sex but is hideous as myself†¦ we shall be monsters, cut off from the world†¦ let me see that excite thing†¦ At this point I believe that the creature is asking for something that he thinks is reasonable. I think that the creature has a right to ask this because the creature did not choose to come on to this world and it is not fair for him to be lonely with no one to be with. The creature makes a deal with Frankenstein saying that he will leave him and everyone alone and go far away from them only if Frankenstein creates a female creature. The probl em with this is that if a female creature is to be created it could also become like Frankenstein and they both may want to take revenge from Frankenstein. Another problem would be that the creatures would have children and this would lead to something very serious. After the creature say's all these things Victor feels sickened with what the creature is saying. â€Å"The filthy mass that moved and talked†¦ â€Å". Victor agrees to create a female creature for the male creature. When victor is in the process of creating the female creature he changes his mind, when he changes his mind he rips the body into pieces. When Victor does this act the creature see's everything and is furious and vows to take revenge. â€Å"I shall be with you on your wedding night†. The creature mean that if he cannot get someone to love and spend the rest of his life with neither will Victor. When the creature gets to Elizabeth (Victors wife) and kills her, Shelley uses a storm again to create a scary atmosphere and a horrific atmosphere. â€Å"She was there lifeless and inanimate, throw a cross the bed†. Victor dies and Walton finds the monster by his body. The creature say's he regrets the killings but was provoked to do such doings. â€Å"I pitied Frankenstein†¦ the important envy and bitter indignation as filled me with an insatiable thirst for vengeance†. At this point i feel sorry for the creature only because he has no one left, otherwise I do not really feel sorry for the creature here because due to him Elizabeth had died and she had nothing to do with anything. Elizabeth was not at fault and was very unfair for the creature to kill her in such a brutal and insane way. So I think that the creature would just have to live with and put up with what he has done, and could have a tried a different way of trying to persuade Frankenstein of creating a female creature for him rather than threatening to kill his wife on his wedding night, which I think sounded very sick and extremely unfair.

The Ethics of Steroids in Professional Sports

Currently in professional sports, the use of steroids is one of the most highly debated and controversial topics. It seems that every day there is an athlete being suspended, fined, and even prosecuted for using these performance-enhancing drugs. In many cases, sports fans will condemn these athletes for their involvement in steroids. As I looked deeper into the subject I thought to myself, â€Å"what is so wrong with athletes trying to take their game to the next level?† Because ultimately, that’s what the real issue is here; its just professionals doing what they can to get ahead in their job and it seems to be perfectly ethical.One of the main arguments in the ethics of steroids in professional sports is that it is unhealthy to the body, which is completely true. The prolonged used of anabolic steroids can cause liver damage and contribute to hormone imbalances among other things; however, this does not make it unethical. Let’s not forget that these athletes a re playing sports that in many cases are already a danger to their bodies. When was the last time you heard of an athletes going to the hospital for the use of steroids? Yet everyday there is a case of a professional athlete tearing a muscle or incurring serious head injuries. Studies actually show that deaths from playing college and professional football are 50-100 times higher than the use of steroids. Just because somebody does something that may be harmful to their body, it doesn’t mean their wrong in doing so. For example, if a guy is hungry and decides to eat out at a fast food restaurant, is he pursuing something unethical? We all know the unhealthy effects fast food has on the body, but that doesn’t make it wrong. Adults should be able to make their own decisions when it comes to their personal well-being and if they decide to do something that may be harmful, then so be it.Protestors against steroids also claim that athletes using performance-enhancing drugs are a bad influence on our youth. Kids idolize athletes and if they see their favorite superstar using steroids, then they will want to also. I do see some truth in that and agree 100 percent that there is no place for steroids in child’s body. On the other hand I also contend that professional athletes have no obligation to live their lives conforming to a â€Å"role model† image. In Major League Baseball, the players are allowed to use chewing tobacco during games and it is clearly seen by the youth watching on TV. Also, In the National Hockey League, there is an immense amount of violence and fighting plays a big part in the sport. These examples are also bad influences on children, yet they are apart of the game and don’t seem to be getting banned anytime soon.As for the argument that steroids taint the game that so many love, I don’t see truth in this at all. There are constantly new techniques and technology being added in sports all for one purpose , to make the game better. Athletes dating back to the ancient times have been doing whatever they can to gain a competitive edge. The Greeks used to eat live bees for potency before matches and Mayans would take hallucinogens to numb the pain taken from their sport. So why is it unethical for an athlete to use steroids for this same purpose? Some say that athletes in the past didn’t have the luxury of steroids, so it eliminates the records and legacy of the past. But regardless, due to the revolutionary increases of technology, such as a newly designed baseball bat or a more aerodynamic track uniform, players are going to be better and these records are going to be broken.